Development-Guided Management of Paediatric Maxillofacial Fractures: A Narrative Review and Proposal of a Novel Classification and Treatment Algorithm
Kambiz Ebrahimi
*
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Emir Can Arslan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Zahra Bagherian
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Koosha Balak
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Negin Jokar
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Tahoura Talebidelooei
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Mohammadreza Jahri Sheijani
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Aghaei
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Sergey Sergeevich Ivanov
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Arian Safi Esfahani
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Kiyana Khodabandehloosoltani
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Dentistry, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Paediatric maxillofacial fractures present distinct management challenges because of ongoing craniofacial growth, developing dentition and age-related differences in remodelling potential.
Aims: To synthesise current evidence on paediatric maxillofacial fracture management and to propose a development-guided classification and treatment algorithm integrating craniofacial maturity, injury severity, and clinically relevant modifiers.
Study Design: Structured narrative review with development of an evidence-informed conceptual classification and treatment framework.
Methodology: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for English-language studies addressing paediatric maxillofacial fractures, with emphasis on publications from 2000 to 2026. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, cohort studies, retrospective series, and selected clinically informative case reports were included. Evidence was synthesised according to developmental stage, dentition, fracture displacement and stability, occlusal and functional disturbance, growth-sensitive structure involvement, soft-tissue injury, and fracture complexity.
Results: The available evidence indicates that treatment selection is influenced by the interaction between developmental maturity and injury severity rather than fracture location or chronological age alone. Younger patients demonstrate greater remodelling potential but also increased vulnerability of developing dentition and growth-sensitive structures. Higher fracture severity, instability, mandibular involvement, fracture multiplicity, malocclusion, and functional impairment were associated with greater likelihood of operative treatment. Based on these findings, a four-stage developmental classification (D1–D4), four injury grades (G1–G4), clinical modifiers, and four corresponding treatment tiers (T1–T4) were proposed. The resulting algorithm supports escalation from observation and functional management to closed reduction, limited fixation, or definitive reconstruction according to biological maturity and injury characteristics.
Conclusion: Paediatric maxillofacial fracture management should incorporate developmental maturity, dentition, growth potential, injury severity, and functional consequences into treatment planning. The proposed development-guided framework provides a structured approach to individualised management while prioritising preservation of craniofacial growth, occlusion, and function. However, expert consensus, reliability testing, and prospective multicenter validation are required before routine clinical implementation.
Keywords: Paediatric maxillofacial fractures, paediatric facial trauma, craniofacial growth, developing dentition, fracture management